Ruddy Pigeon

Identification

The ruddy pigeon is a largish pigeon measuring 28 cm (11 in) long and weighing around 170 g. Its plumage is unpatterned and predominantly wine-purple in colour, becoming more rufous on the back—a distinctive colouration that gives the species its common name. The tail and primary flight feathers are dark brown, contrasting with the purple-toned body. The bird has a black bill and purple-red legs, with a typically red iris, though in the Amazon basin the iris can sometimes appear dull yellow. The characteristic red eye-ring means the iris never appears as conspicuously white as in the sympatric plumbeous pigeon. Females are slightly duller and browner than males, while juvenile birds show a greyer-brown head, neck, and breast with cinnamon or rufous scaling on the head and upperparts.

Range & Habitat

The ruddy pigeon breeds from Costa Rica south through the neotropics to western Ecuador, Bolivia, and central Brazil, occupying a wide geographical range across Central and South America. In Central America, it inhabits highland forest canopy and semi-open woodland from 1500 m (5000 ft) above sea level up to the timberline. In South America, it occurs in the canopy of humid forest from near sea-level to 1500 m (5000 ft), occasionally higher, with exceptional records reaching 3000 m or more. The species is not uncommon across its range, though it faces future threats from deforestation. It is currently classified as Least Concern by the IUCN.

Behaviour & Diet

The ruddy pigeon is normally seen in pairs as it forages in the tree tops for fruits and berries, showing a particular fondness for mistletoe fruit. Occasionally, birds may be spotted on tracks and roadsides seeking grit. The species has a loud and fairly high-pitched coo, with a characteristic "ko'COO coo" call pattern separated by considerable pauses, similar to its relatives. Geographical variation exists in vocalisation, with some populations singing four-noted songs while others produce three-noted songs. In Central America, where its call is faster and less complex, it can be distinguished from the very similar short-billed pigeon by voice alone.

Best Time & Places to See It

The ruddy pigeon can be found year-round throughout its range, though it is most reliably located in highland forest canopy and humid forest habitats. In Central America, focus your search in highland areas above 1500 m, particularly in forest canopy and semi-open woodland. In South America, humid forests from lowland to mid-elevation zones offer the best opportunities. Look for pairs feeding in the tree tops, particularly where mistletoe and other fruiting trees are abundant. Early morning hours often provide the best viewing conditions, and listening for the distinctive loud, high-pitched coo call will help locate birds in the canopy.

Photography Tips

The ruddy pigeon's preference for the forest canopy presents the primary challenge for photographers. Use a telephoto lens (200-400 mm or longer) to capture birds feeding high in the trees. The species' wine-purple and rufous plumage is best rendered in soft, diffused morning light rather than harsh midday sun. Since birds are typically seen in pairs, patience may reward you with behavioural shots. The distinctive black bill, purple-red legs, and eye-ring are useful diagnostic features to emphasise in close-up shots. Overcast conditions can help reduce harsh shadows and bring out the subtle tones of the plumage.