Merlin

Identification

The merlin is a small falcon of the Northern Hemisphere, distinguished by its compact, streamlined form built for speed and agility. Males typically have wingspans of 53–58 centimetres (21–23 inches), while females are slightly larger. These swift fliers are fairly distinct among living falcons in their size, shape, and coloration, making them recognizable to experienced birdwatchers once spotted in flight.

Range & Habitat

The merlin breeds throughout the northern Holarctic with numerous subspecies spanning North America and Eurasia. Some populations migrate to subtropical and northern tropical regions during winter, while others have become increasingly sedentary. Recent decades have seen a significant range expansion, particularly in North America, where some merlins have adapted so well to city life that they now forgo migration entirely.

Behaviour & Diet

Merlins are skilled hunters that specialize in preying on small birds, with a preference for species in the size range of sparrows to doves and medium-sized shorebirds. Their hunting prowess and swift, agile flight have made them prized birds in falconry for centuries. In North America, merlin populations have been significantly increasing in recent decades, though European populations have remained steady since around 2000.

Best Time & Places to See It

Merlin populations breed throughout the northern Holarctic, making timing and location dependent on your geographic position. Summer months offer the best opportunity to observe breeding birds in northern regions, while winter observers in subtropical and northern tropical areas may encounter migratory populations. Urban areas in North America, where some populations have become resident, offer year-round viewing opportunities.

Photography Tips

Capturing the merlin's speed and agility presents a rewarding challenge for wildlife photographers. Fast shutter speeds are essential to freeze the bird's swift, darting flight patterns. Look for perching birds in open habitats during breeding season, and focus on capturing the characteristic compact silhouette and keen, predatory expression that define this accomplished aerial hunter.