Variable Hawk

Identification

The variable hawk is aptly named for its bewildering array of plumage patterns—at least 27 distinct adult plumages are known, possibly more than any other raptor species. Both sexes display considerable variation, ranging from very dark grey to whitish overall, with some individuals showing reddish-brown underparts. However, all birds share diagnostic features: a white tail with a striking black subterminal band and grey wings with dark barring. In flight from below, the flight feathers appear whitish with fine barring and a broad black tip. Females typically show a reddish-brown back, though some males display this too. The Juan Fernández Islands subspecies is notably less variable, appearing whitish below and grey above. Size is equally variable, with lengths ranging from 45 to 62 centimeters and wingspans from 113 to 151 centimeters, making this a large buteo that can weigh between 800 and 1,800 grams.

Range & Habitat

This widespread and often common hawk inhabits western and southern South America, including the Falkland Islands and the Juan Fernández Islands. Variable hawks occupy open habitats at all elevations, though specific preferences vary by subspecies. The red-backed race, the most adaptable, ranges from above tree line in mountains through Pacific coastal foothills, Patagonian steppes, and agricultural areas to forest edges, typically between 500 and 3,000 meters elevation. The Puna race dominates high-elevation páramo and puna habitat above tree line, often at elevations exceeding 5,000 meters—higher than almost any other raptor. The Juan Fernández race inhabits volcanic slopes and grazed grasslands across all elevations on its islands.

Behaviour & Diet

Variable hawks are most often observed soaring on warm thermals but readily perch on any raised structure from signposts to large trees. They hunt by spotting prey while soaring and diving to pin animals on the ground. Small to medium-sized mammals comprise over 90 percent of prey in some studies, particularly cavies, tuco-tucos, rabbits, mice, and páramo rats. They also regularly take earthworms, weevils, grasshoppers, and other invertebrates, plus occasional birds, frogs, lizards, snakes, and fish. Breeding occurs at various seasons and may differ among races. These hawks build large stick nests on elevated structures and sometimes breed cooperatively, laying one to three eggs. Incubation lasts 26 to 36 days, while nestlings fledge between 40 and 74 days—larger, high-elevation birds requiring significantly longer development periods.

Best Time & Places to See It

Variable hawks are widespread and often common throughout their range, making them reliable sightings for travelers exploring open habitats across western and southern South America. For the high-altitude Puna race, visit the central and northern Andean highlands above tree line. The more adaptable red-backed race appears across lower elevations, agricultural regions, and forest edges. The Juan Fernández Islands offer opportunities to see the distinctive island subspecies. Look for soaring birds on warm thermals during midday hours, or scan raised perches including trees, posts, and rocky outcrops throughout the day.

Photography Tips

Photograph soaring birds from below to capture the distinctive white tail with black subterminal band and the whitish remiges with fine barring and black tips—key identification features in flight. The extreme plumage variation means multiple shots from different angles and lighting conditions will help document the remarkable diversity within this single species. Patient positioning near open habitats with thermal activity offers excellent opportunities for in-flight photography. Ground-hunting sequences can be dramatic; patient stakeouts near suitable prey habitat may reward you with action shots of the characteristic pinning strike.