North American Red Squirrel

Identification

The North American red squirrel is a small, compact tree squirrel weighing 200–250 grams with a total length of 28–35 centimeters including the tail. It is easily distinguished from other North American tree squirrels by its reddish fur, white underbelly, small size, and notably territorial behavior. Red squirrels are somewhat larger than chipmunks and should not be confused with the Eurasian red squirrel, which inhabits different ranges entirely.

Range & Habitat

This species is widely distributed across North America, occupying most of Canada (except the far north and southwestern British Columbia coast), the southern half of Alaska, the Rocky Mountains, and the northern half of the eastern United States. Red squirrels are abundant wherever conifers are common, particularly favoring mature white spruce and conifer-dominated forests. The species has been expanding its range into hardwood forests and is not of conservation concern throughout most of its range.

Behaviour & Diet

Red squirrels are diurnal and defend exclusive year-round territories. They are primarily granivores, feeding heavily on conifer seeds—particularly white spruce seeds, which can comprise over 50% of their diet in some regions. They also consume spruce buds and needles, mushrooms, willow leaves, poplar buds, and opportunistically eat bird eggs and other animal matter. Red squirrels harvest cones in late summer and early autumn, storing them in central caches called middens that can reach 12 meters across, providing sustenance through winter and fueling spring reproduction.

Best Time & Places to See It

Red squirrels are active year-round and can be observed throughout their range in coniferous forests. Late summer and autumn, when squirrels are actively harvesting and caching seeds, offer particularly good viewing opportunities. Look for signs of their feeding activity around conifer stands, particularly the characteristic middens of fallen cone scales that mark their territories.

Photography Tips

Photograph red squirrels in soft morning or late afternoon light to capture the warmth of their reddish fur and the contrast of their white underside. Use a fast shutter speed to freeze their quick, jerky movements as they forage and leap between branches. Patient observers stationed near active middens or feeding areas may capture engaging shots of their energetic territorial behavior and feeding habits.