Gavilán común
Photo © Михаил Голомысов
Photo © Михаил Голомысов — CC BY 4.0 — Source: iNaturalist photo #344699696El gavilán común (Accipiter nisus) es una especie de ave accipitriforme de la familia Accipitridae, presente en muchas zonas de Eurasia —desde la península ibérica y el norte de África hasta Japón y Vietnam—. Las partes superiores del macho adulto son de color gris azulado y el dorso presenta franjas anaranjadas; la hembra y los jóvenes son marrones en el dorso y tienen franjas de dicho color en el pecho y vientre. Es una de las especies de ave con mayor dimorfismo sexual respecto al tamaño: la hembra es un 25 % más grande que el macho. A pesar de ser un depredador especializado en las aves del bosque, el gavilán puede hallarse en cualquier hábitat y en las ciudades con frecuencia caza pájaros de jardín. El macho se alimenta de especies pequeñas, como los páridos, fringílidos o paséridos. Las principales presas de la hembra son los túrdidos y estúrdidos; también es capaz de matar aves con un peso superior a 500 g.
Existen siete subespecies, que varían ligeramente en tamaño y colores del plumaje. Habitan en regiones templadas y subtropicales del Viejo Mundo. Las subespecies que residen en el norte migran hacia el sur por el invierno, en cambio las que viven en el sur son residentes todo el año o no participan en los movimientos de dispersión. Se reproduce en zonas boscosas de cualquier tipo y construye el nido, que llega a medir hasta 60 cm de diámetro, en la parte alta de los árboles con ramitas. La hembra pone cuatro o cinco huevos de color azul claro con manchas marrones. El éxito de la cría dependerá del trabajo del macho para mantener elevado el peso de la hembra. Los polluelos nacen después de 33 días de incubación y abandonan el nido después de 24 a 28 días.
Poco más de un tercio de los jóvenes sobrevive el primer año, pero la tasa de supervivencia para los adultos de un año a otro es del 69 %. La mortalidad entre los machos jóvenes es más alta que la de las hembras jóvenes, y la duración de la vida típica en ambos sexos es de cuatro años. Esta especie es una de las rapaces más comunes en Europa, aunque las cifras se han derrumbado después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El uso de insecticidas organoclorados, desarrollados principalmente para el control de plagas, se extendió en las poblaciones de aves durante la segunda mitad del siglo xx y la concentración empleada fue suficiente para matar a algunos gavilanes o debilitar a otros. Las aves afectadas ponían huevos con cáscaras frágiles que se rompían durante la incubación. Desde la prohibición de estas sustancias químicas, la población se recuperó y se convirtió en relativamente común. En la actualidad está clasificada como de preocupación menor en la Lista Roja de la UICN.
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+118 aves+9 mamíferos
Where the middle Volga River carves through the ancient steppes of Tatarstan, a sprawling 1,100-square-kilometre sanctuary unfolds across meadows, wetlands, […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALLosiny Ostrov National Park
Balashikhinsky District, Rusia
+120 aves+30 mamíferos
Ancient pine and birch forests sweep across undulating terrain where the Moskva River winds through Moscow’s northeastern reaches, creating a […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALTsentralno-Lesnoy Gosudarstvennyy Prirodnyy Biosfernyy Nature Reserve
Nelidovsky District, Rusia
+82 aves+8 mamíferos
Ancient spruce and fir forests stretch across undulating terrain in western Russia, where primordial taiga landscape remains largely untouched by […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALOzyornoe Wildlife Refuge Marsh
Lebyazh'e, Rusia
+69 aves+7 mamíferos
Where sphagnum mosses and shallow waters merge across sixteen square kilometers of undisturbed wetland, Russia’s Озёрное emerges as one of […]
VER SANTUARIO DE VIDA SILVESTRENalychevo National Park
Nalychevo, Rusia
+86 aves+10 mamíferos
Where volcanic peaks pierce the mist of Russia’s far northeast, a primordial landscape of steaming geothermal springs and pristine river […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALSila National Park
San Giovanni in Fiore, Italia
+133 aves+17 mamíferos
Where ancient beech forests rise above a high Calabrian plateau, Italy’s wilderness core reveals itself in dramatic relief. At elevations […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALCirceo National Park
Italia
+140 aves+10 mamíferos
Where the Tyrrhenian Sea collides with limestone ridges and Mediterranean scrub, an ancient landscape unfolds along Italy’s southern Lazio coast. […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALDelle Incisioni Rupestri di Naquane National Park
Capo di Ponte, Italia
+120 aves+30 mamíferos
Where Alpine valleys descend into the Lombardy foothills, glacier-carved granite formations rise in dramatic tiers above the Oglio River valley. […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALStelvio National Park
Valfurva, Italia
+120 aves+30 mamíferos
Where granite peaks pierce the Alpine sky above 3,000 metres, three valleys converge in a realm of stark beauty and […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALDell’Arcipelago Toscano National Park
Italia
+128 aves+22 mamíferos
Azure waters lap against wind-sculpted granite islands where Mediterranean macchia clings to rocky slopes and pine forests crown the hilltops. […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALCasentinesi Forests, Monte Falterona, Campigna National Park
Santa Sofia, Italia
+120 aves+30 mamíferos
Where granite ridges rise above 1,600 meters through the heart of Tuscany and Romagna, beech forests transition into alpine meadows […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALSibillini Mountains National Park
Ussita, Italia
+123 aves+27 mamíferos
Where limestone ridges claw toward 2,476 metres, ancient beech forests surrender to alpine meadows and windswept crags that define the […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALDell’Appennino Tosco-Emiliano National Park
Reggio nell'Emilia, Italia
+120 aves+30 mamíferos
Where the Apennine spine rises between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna, beech forests give way to windswept alpine meadows and dramatic limestone […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALCilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni National Park
Campora, Italia
+76 aves+17 mamíferos
Limestone cliffs plunge toward the Tyrrhenian Sea while ancient beech forests crown the interior highlands, creating a mosaic of Mediterranean […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALAspromonte National Park
Careri, Italia
+130 aves+20 mamíferos
Where granite massifs pierce the Calabrian sky and Mediterranean maquis gives way to beech forests, one of southern Italy’s most […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALHuanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area
Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, China
+53 aves+9 mamíferos
Travertine terraces cascade down steep limestone ridges where the Min River carves through the Qinling Mountains of northwestern Sichuan Province. […]
VER MONUMENTO NATURALHemis National Park
Raigahar Dhar, India
+128 aves+20 mamíferos
Where granite gorges cleave through the Himalayas at dizzying altitudes, a vast wilderness of alpine desert unfolds across the rain […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALPieniny National Park
Tylka, Polonia
+74 aves+5 mamíferos
Where granite gorge walls rise dramatically from the Dunajec River’s emerald waters, a ribbon of wilderness threads through Poland’s Pieniny […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALWielkopolska National Park
Trzebaw, Polonia
+81 aves+8 mamíferos
Where glacial lakes punctuate dense mixed forests, Poland’s greatest concentration of old-growth woodland creates one of Europe’s most ecologically intact […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALPolesie National Park
Michałów, Polonia
+96 aves+10 mamíferos
Where the Narew River winds through Poland’s eastern borderlands, pristine wetlands and ancient forests converge in one of Europe’s most […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALMagura National Park
Kotań, Polonia
+76 aves+11 mamíferos
Where beech and spruce forests rise across the Pieniny Mountains, a landscape of dramatic limestone gorges and verdant plateaux unfolds […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALOjców National Park
Ojców, Polonia
+69 aves+9 mamíferos
Where limestone gorges knife through southern Poland’s Vistula Valley, a temperate landscape of remarkable ecological drama unfolds across 82 square […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALBieszczady National Park
Bieszczady County, Polonia
+82 aves+6 mamíferos
Where the Carpathian foothills roll eastward into Ukraine, ancient beech and spruce forests cling to steep slopes that rise above […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALTatra National Park
Zakopane, Polonia
+93 aves+2 mamíferos
Where granite peaks slash through the clouds at over 2,600 metres, Poland’s only true alpine ecosystem unfolds across 507 square […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALRoztocze National Park
Obrocz, Polonia
+50 aves
Where rolling loess hills rise and fall across the Polish borderlands, a living frontier emerges between continental and Atlantic climates. […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALKampinos National Park
Gurba, Polonia
+123 aves+30 mamíferos
Vast wetlands and ancient pine forests sprawl across the sandy plains just northwest of Warsaw, where Poland’s largest national park […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALBiałowieża National Park
Bialowieza, Polonia
+105 aves+29 mamíferos
Ancient woodland sprawls across the Polish-Belarusian border where primordial forests have escaped the axe for centuries. This 198-square-kilometre sanctuary harbours […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALSomiedo Natural Park
Pola de Somiedo, España
+120 aves+30 mamíferos
Where granite gorges cleave through the Cantabrian Mountains of northern Spain, alpine meadows roll toward beech and oak forests in […]
VER PARQUE NATURALGorkhi-Terelj National Park
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
+92 aves+17 mamíferos
Granite peaks thrust skyward across rolling steppe where ancient rivers have carved deep gorges through Mongolia’s heartland. This 295,400-hectare wilderness […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALKhoridol Saridag National Park
Khatgal, Mongolia
+90 aves+21 mamíferos
Where granite peaks thrust skyward across Mongolia’s remote southeastern reaches, a landscape of raw geological drama unfolds. Deep river gorges […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALSierra de Boumort
Segan, España
+125 aves+29 mamíferos
Where granite gorges slice through the Catalan Pyrenees, ancient limestone cliffs rise in dramatic ramparts above dense Mediterranean forests. This […]
VER MONTAñA Y ALTA MONTAñAMontañas de Prades
Capafonts, España
+126 aves+28 mamíferos
Where granite peaks rise abruptly from the Tarragona hinterland, a wild mosaic of pine forests, scrubland, and limestone cliffs creates […]
VER MONTAñA Y ALTA MONTAñABosc de Virós
Ainet de Besan, España
+121 aves+30 mamíferos
Where granite gorges slice through the eastern Pyrenees, a temperate wonderland emerges in the borderlands between Spain and Andorra. Bosc […]
VER BOSQUE Y SELVAPindos National Park
Ioannina Regional Unit, Grecia
+128 aves+22 mamíferos
Where granite peaks pierce the clouds above Greece’s spine, the Pindos Mountains harbour one of southern Europe’s wildest and most […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALVikos–Aoos National Park
Ioannina Regional Unit, Grecia
+126 aves+24 mamíferos
Where granite gorges plunge nearly 1,000 metres through the Pindus Mountains, one of Europe’s most dramatic wilderness areas unfolds. The […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALMount Parnitha National Park
Municipal Unit of Acharnes, Grecia
+135 aves+15 mamíferos
Where granite ridges rise dramatically above the Athenian sprawl, a remarkable wilderness unfolds across nearly 38,000 hectares of Mediterranean terrain. […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALSounio National Park
Municipal Unit of Ayios Konstantinos, Grecia
+135 aves+15 mamíferos
Where the Athenian coast fractures into dramatic rocky promontories, ancient marble cliffs plunge toward the Aegean in a landscape that […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALButrint National Park
Vagalat, Albania
+133 aves+17 mamíferos
Where Ionian breezes meet the Corfu Channel, saltmarsh and freshwater lagoons create a mosaic of habitats that pulse with life […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALOlympos National Park
Pieria Regional Unit, Grecia
+133 aves+17 mamíferos
Where the Thessalian plains meet the Mediterranean, granite peaks thrust skyward in defiant majesty, their slopes cloaked in a mosaic […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALSamaria National Park
Chania Regional Unit, Grecia
+138 aves+12 mamíferos
Where granite gorges plunge nearly a kilometer into the Cretan landscape, a dramatic wilderness unfolds across 4,850 hectares of Crete’s […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALKerkini Lake National Park
Serres, Grecia
+132 aves+25 mamíferos
Where the Strymon River winds through northeastern Greece, a sprawling freshwater lake mirrors the dramatic Belasitsa Mountains, creating one of […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALGir National Park
Asundrali, India
150+ aves+12 mamíferos
Dry deciduous forests cloak the rolling hills of western Gujarat where the Gir landscape rises as a final sanctuary for […]
VER PARQUE NACIONALLa Mata de València
Son, España
+62 aves+11 mamíferos
Forests of Mediterranean pine and deciduous woodland blanket the terrain around Son in Lleida, where the Catalan landscape transitions between […]
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