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World atlas

Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge

Wildlife Sanctuary · United States

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Photo © Fsendek1904

Photo © Fsendek1904 — CC BY-SA 4.0 — Source: Wikimedia Commons

ABOUT

Vast wetlands of cypress and blackwater creeks define this wildlife sanctuary straddling the Georgia–Florida border, where the landscape shifts between open marsh, dense swamp forest, and shallow lake systems shaped by slow-moving water and year-round moisture. The refuge's subtropical climate—warm and humid throughout the year with no true dry season—sustains a dynamic mosaic of habitats that thrive on abundant precipitation and water retention. Cypress domes rise from tannic waters stained dark by organic matter, while sawgrass marshes stretch across shallow basins where wading birds move through the shallows and small fish, amphibians and aquatic invertebrates form the foundation of a complex food web. The sanctuary's waters teem with predatory fish and reptiles, and its forested margins harbor small mammals and a diverse avifauna adapted to wetland and woodlands—from marshland hunters to woodland songbirds to raptors that patrol both open and canopied terrain. This is an ecosystem shaped entirely by water: seasonal water-level fluctuations, rather than frost or drought, are what drive ecological rhythms here.

For the wildlife photographer and patient observer, the refuge demands time and a boat—access is limited and deliberate, preserving the wildness that makes it invaluable. The sanctuary's labyrinthine waterways are best explored during periods of reliable water levels and stable weather, when light filtering through cypress canopies creates the atmospheric conditions that define wetland imagery. Wading birds concentrate predictably in shallow areas, while birds of prey hunt across open marsh and margin habitat, and aquatic predators are active throughout the year. The refuge's remoteness and managed access mean that those who commit to multi-day exploration encounter wildlife under conditions rarely found in more heavily trafficked reserves—a landscape where the camera's subject is not habituated to humans, but genuinely wild.

Website fws.gov/refuge/okefenokee

Email mailtookefenokee@fws.gov

WILDLIFE

Haliaeetus leucocephalus

Blue-winged Teal

Spatula discors

Northern Pintail

Aythya americana

Ring-necked Duck

Aythya collaris

Bucephala albeola

Hooded Merganser

Lophodytes cucullatus

Northern Bobwhite

Colinus virginianus

Meleagris gallopavo

Common Nighthawk

Chordeiles minor

Chaetura pelagica

Common Ground Dove

Columbina passerina

Zenaida macroura

Fulica americana

Purple Gallinule

Porphyrio martinica

Aramus guarauna

Pied-billed Grebe

Podilymbus podiceps

Charadrius vociferus

American Woodcock

Gallinago delicata

Spotted Sandpiper

Actitis macularius

Solitary Sandpiper

Tringa solitaria

Greater Yellowlegs

Tringa melanoleuca

Mycteria americana

Anhinga anhinga

Double-crested Cormorant

Nannopterum auritum

American White Ibis

Eudocimus albus

Roseate Spoonbill

American Bittern

Botaurus lentiginosus

Yellow-crowned Night Heron

Nyctanassa violacea

Black-crowned Night Heron

Nycticorax nycticorax

Little Blue Heron

Egretta caerulea

Butorides virescens

Great Blue Heron

Coragyps atratus

Pandion haliaetus

Sharp-shinned Hawk

Accipiter striatus

Mississippi Kite

Ictinia mississippiensis

Red-tailed Hawk

Buteo jamaicensis

Eastern Screech Owl

Belted Kingfisher

Megaceryle alcyon

Red-headed Woodpecker

Melanerpes erythrocephalus

Red-bellied Woodpecker

Melanerpes carolinus

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker

Sphyrapicus varius

Downy Woodpecker

Dryobates pubescens

Red-cockaded Woodpecker

Leuconotopicus borealis

Hairy Woodpecker

Leuconotopicus villosus

Northern Flicker

Colaptes auratus

Pileated Woodpecker

Dryocopus pileatus

American Kestrel

Falco sparverius

Falco columbarius

Sayornis phoebe

Eastern Wood Pewee

Contopus virens

Vermilion Flycatcher

Pyrocephalus rubinus

Eastern Kingbird

Tyrannus tyrannus

Great Crested Flycatcher

Myiarchus crinitus

Vireo olivaceus

Blue-headed Vireo

Vireo solitarius

White-eyed Vireo

Cyanocitta cristata

Corvus brachyrhynchos

Corvus ossifragus

Bombycilla cedrorum

Tufted Titmouse

Baeolophus bicolor

Carolina Chickadee

Poecile carolinensis

Tachycineta bicolor

Golden-crowned Kinglet

Regulus satrapa

Cistothorus palustris

Thryothorus ludovicianus

Northern House Wren

Troglodytes aedon

Blue-grey Gnatcatcher

Polioptila caerulea

Brown-headed Nuthatch

Dumetella carolinensis

Northern Mockingbird

Mimus polyglottos

Toxostoma rufum

Eastern Bluebird

Catharus guttatus

Turdus migratorius

American Goldfinch

Bachman's Sparrow

Peucaea aestivalis

Chipping Sparrow

Spizella passerina

White-throated Sparrow

Zonotrichia albicollis

Savannah Sparrow

Passerculus sandwichensis

Melospiza melodia

Melospiza georgiana

Pipilo erythrophthalmus

Red-winged Blackbird

Agelaius phoeniceus

Brown-headed Cowbird

Rusty Blackbird

Euphagus carolinus

Quiscalus quiscula

Boat-tailed Grackle

Quiscalus major

Black-and-white Warbler

Mniotilta varia

Prothonotary Warbler

Protonotaria citrea

Swainson's Warbler

Limnothlypis swainsonii

Tennessee Warbler

Leiothlypis peregrina

Orange-crowned Warbler

Leiothlypis celata

Common Yellowthroat

Geothlypis trichas

American Redstart

Setophaga ruticilla

Cape May Warbler

Setophaga tigrina

Northern Parula

Setophaga americana

Blackburnian Warbler

Setophaga fusca

Setophaga palmarum

Setophaga pinus

Setophaga coronata

Yellow-throated Warbler

Setophaga dominica

Prairie Warbler

Setophaga discolor

Scarlet Tanager

Piranga olivacea

Northern Cardinal

Cardinalis cardinalis

Passerina caerulea

Passerina cyanea

Black-bellied Whistling Duck

Dendrocygna autumnalis

Branta canadensis

Anser caerulescens

Northern Shoveler

Spatula clypeata

Mareca strepera

American Wigeon

Mareca americana

Anas platyrhynchos

Melanitta perspicillata

Red-breasted Merganser

Mergus serrator

Chuck-will's-widow

Antrostomus carolinensis

Eastern Whip-poor-will

Antrostomus vociferus

Ruby-throated Hummingbird

Archilochus colubris

Yellow-billed Cuckoo

Coccyzus americanus

Eurasian Collared Dove

Streptopelia decaocto

Rallus limicola

Porzana carolina

Common Gallinule

Gallinula galeata

Podiceps auritus

Semipalmated Plover

Charadrius semipalmatus

Lesser Yellowlegs

Tringa flavipes

Least Sandpiper

Calidris minutilla

Sterna forsteri

Bonaparte's Gull

Chroicocephalus philadelphia

Leucophaeus atricilla

Ring-billed Gull

Larus delawarensis

American Herring Gull

Larus smithsonianus

Plegadis falcinellus

Tricolored Heron

Egretta tricolor

American White Pelican

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos

Northern Harrier

Circus hudsonius

Broad-winged Hawk

Buteo platypterus

Great Horned Owl

Bubo virginianus

Peregrine Falcon

Falco peregrinus

Acadian Flycatcher

Empidonax virescens

Yellow-throated Vireo

Vireo flavifrons

Loggerhead Shrike

Lanius ludovicianus

Eremophila alpestris

Northern Rough-winged Swallow

Stelgidopteryx serripennis

Hirundo rustica

Troglodytes hiemalis

White-breasted Nuthatch

Sitta carolinensis

Red-breasted Nuthatch

Sitta canadensis

Certhia americana

Common Starling

Sturnus vulgaris

Hylocichla mustelina

Swainson's Thrush

Catharus ustulatus

Passer domesticus

Anthus rubescens

Haemorhous purpureus

Haemorhous mexicanus

Grasshopper Sparrow

Ammodramus savannarum

Spizella pusilla

Red Fox Sparrow

Passerella iliaca

Dark-eyed Junco

White-crowned Sparrow

Zonotrichia leucophrys

Harris's Sparrow

Zonotrichia querula

Pooecetes gramineus

Lincoln's Sparrow

Melospiza lincolnii

Yellow-breasted Chat

Dolichonyx oryzivorus

Eastern Meadowlark

Sturnella magna

Baltimore Oriole

Icterus galbula

Icterus spurius

Seiurus aurocapilla

Worm-eating Warbler

Helmitheros vermivorum

Louisiana Waterthrush

Parkesia motacilla

Northern Waterthrush

Parkesia noveboracensis

Kentucky Warbler

Geothlypis formosa

Setophaga citrina

Magnolia Warbler

Setophaga magnolia

American Yellow Warbler

Setophaga aestiva

Chestnut-sided Warbler

Setophaga pensylvanica

Blackpoll Warbler

Setophaga striata

Black-throated Blue Warbler

Setophaga caerulescens

Black-throated Green Warbler

Setophaga virens

Rose-breasted Grosbeak

Pheucticus ludovicianus

Painted Bunting

Passerina ciris

Tringa semipalmata

American Barn Owl

American Cliff Swallow

Petrochelidon pyrrhonota

Henslow's Sparrow

Centronyx henslowii

Mangrove Warbler

Setophaga petechia

Branta bernicla

American Black Bear

Ursus americanus

Virginia Opossum

Didelphis virginiana

Mexican Long-nosed Armadillo

Dasypus mexicanus

Eastern Cottontail

Sylvilagus floridanus

Sylvilagus palustris

Eastern Gray Squirrel

Sciurus carolinensis

Eastern Fox Squirrel

North American River Otter

Lontra canadensis

Northern Raccoon

Northern Gray Fox

Urocyon cinereoargenteus

White-tailed Deer

Odocoileus virginianus

View Complete List (214 more) →

COMMUNITY

0 Community observations

No community observations yet — be the first to log a sighting here.

Natural environment

Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge

Generally mild conditions, with noticeable seasonal changes.

Usual climateHumid temperate with hot summersLowland

Average annual temperature 19.5 °C Average of the twelve monthly means

Average elevation 36 m Lowland

Climate pattern Humid temperate with hot summers Main environment around this hotspot

A year of temperatures

Monthly means, with the coldest and warmest highlighted

Monthly minimum · January 10.9 °C Monthly maximum · July 27.0 °C

Global temperature scale

−40°−20°0°20°40°

Terrain and elevation

36 m · Lowland

Average terrain elevation estimate across the hotspot; the figure does not represent its highest summits.

Elevation scale

36 m

02,0004,0006,0008,000m

Lowland

Long-term climate averages, not live weather.

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