General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera National Park

National Park · Panama

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Photo © keesgroenendijk

Photo © keesgroenendijk — CC BY 4.0 — Source: Wikimedia Commons

Across the highlands of central Panama, where the continental divide funnels moisture-laden trade winds into steep river valleys, the terrain rises and falls in a landscape of extraordinary ecological complexity. General de División Omar Torrijos Herrera National Park encompasses 734 square kilometres of montane forest, cloud-draped ridges, and rushing water systems that cut through volcanic geology—a landscape where elevation alone creates distinct ecological communities, each harbouring its own assemblage of wildlife. The park's core preserves the upper watershed of the Río Grande, a system critical to both biodiversity and human communities downstream. Cloud forests cloak the highest elevations, their canopies dripping with epiphytes and ferns; lower slopes give way to humid montane forest where understory mammals forage in darkness and birds of prey hunt the forest edge. Streams cascade through ravines, their pools and flow systems supporting aquatic specialists and migratory waders. The combination of steep terrain, high rainfall, and altitudinal zonation creates a mosaic of microclimates that has allowed wildlife populations to persist here despite pressure elsewhere in the region.

Keel-billed Toucan

Ramphastos sulfuratus

Bare-necked Umbrellabird

Cephalopterus glabricollis

Slaty-tailed Trogon

Eurypyga helias

Coragyps atratus

Clay-colored Thrush

Blue-grey Tanager

Thraupis episcopus

Southern House Wren

Troglodytes musculus

Orange-chinned Parakeet

Brotogeris jugularis

Pitangus sulphuratus

Red-crowned Woodpecker

Melanerpes rubricapillus

White-tipped Dove

Leptotila verreauxi

Black-chested Jay

Cyanocorax affinis

Tropical Kingbird

Tyrannus melancholicus

Chamaepetes unicolor

Nyctibius griseus

White-tipped Sicklebill

Eutoxeres aquila

Chlorostilbon assimilis

Crowned Woodnymph

Thalurania colombica

Rufous-tailed Hummingbird

Amazilia tzacatl

Groove-billed Ani

Crotophaga sulcirostris

Common Squirrel Cuckoo

Short-billed Pigeon

Patagioenas nigrirostris

Ruddy Quail-Dove

Geotrygon montana

Purplish-backed Quail-Dove

Zentrygon lawrencii

Chiriqui Quail-Dove

Zentrygon chiriquensis

Southern Lapwing

Vanellus chilensis

Butorides virescens

Swallow-tailed Kite

Elanoides forficatus

Rupornis magnirostris

Pseudastur albicollis

Lattice-tailed Trogon

Trogon clathratus

Northern Black-throated Trogon

Trogon tenellus

Collared Trogon

Trogon collaris

Baryphthengus martii

Broad-billed Motmot

Electron platyrhynchum

Prong-billed Barbet

Semnornis frantzii

Collared Aracari

Pteroglossus torquatus

Yellow-eared Toucanet

Selenidera spectabilis

Black-cheeked Woodpecker

Melanerpes pucherani

Golden-olive Woodpecker

Colaptes rubiginosus

Lineated Woodpecker

Dryocopus lineatus

Barred Forest Falcon

Micrastur ruficollis

Brown-throated Parakeet

Eupsittula pertinax

Olivaceous Woodcreeper

Sittasomus griseicapillus

Cocoa Woodcreeper

Xiphorhynchus susurrans

Spotted Woodcreeper

Xiphorhynchus erythropygius

Streak-breasted Treehunter

Thripadectes rufobrunneus

White-flanked Antwren

Myrmotherula axillaris

Spot-crowned Antvireo

Dysithamnus puncticeps

Ocellated Antbird

Phaenostictus mcleannani

Bicolored Antbird

Gymnopithys bicolor

Scaled Antpitta

Grallaria guatimalensis

Streak-chested Antpitta

Hylopezus perspicillatus

Black-crowned Antpitta

Pittasoma michleri

Mistletoe Tyrannulet

Zimmerius parvus

Olive-striped Flycatcher

Mionectes galbinus

Scale-crested Pygmy Tyrant

Lophotriccus pileatus

Yellow-winged Flatbill

Tolmomyias flavotectus

White-throated Spadebill

Platyrinchus mystaceus

Golden-crowned Spadebill

Platyrinchus coronatus

Northern Tufted Flycatcher

Mitrephanes phaeocercus

Olive-sided Flycatcher

Contopus cooperi

Western Wood Pewee

Contopus sordidulus

Eastern Wood Pewee

Contopus virens

Rhytipterna holerythra

Dusky-capped Flycatcher

Myiarchus tuberculifer

Bright-rumped Attila

Attila spadiceus

White-ruffed Manakin

Corapipo altera

Tityra semifasciata

Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher

Terenotriccus erythrurus

Yellow-throated Vireo

Vireo flavifrons

White-breasted Wood Wren

Henicorhina leucosticta

Southern Nightingale-Wren

Microcerculus marginatus

Trilling Gnatwren

Ramphocaenus melanurus

Tawny-faced Gnatwren

Microbates cinereiventris

White-browed Gnatcatcher

Polioptila bilineata

Pale-vented Thrush

Turdus obsoletus

Thick-billed Euphonia

Euphonia laniirostris

Tawny-capped Euphonia

Euphonia anneae

Yellow-throated Chlorospingus

Chlorospingus flavigularis

Black-striped Sparrow

Arremonops conirostris

Chestnut-capped Brushfinch

Arremon brunneinucha

Yellow-billed Cacique

Amblycercus holosericeus

Chestnut-headed Oropendola

Psarocolius wagleri

Baltimore Oriole

Icterus galbula

Bronzed Cowbird

Molothrus aeneus

Black-and-white Warbler

Mniotilta varia

Tennessee Warbler

Leiothlypis peregrina

Tropical Parula

Setophaga pitiayumi

Bay-breasted Warbler

Setophaga castanea

Blackburnian Warbler

Setophaga fusca

Buff-rumped Warbler

Myiothlypis fulvicauda

Chestnut-capped Warbler

Basileuterus delattrii

Golden-crowned Warbler

Basileuterus culicivorus

Scarlet Tanager

Piranga olivacea

Carmiol's Tanager

Chlorothraupis carmioli

Black-faced Grosbeak

Caryothraustes poliogaster

Green Honeycreeper

Chlorophanes spiza

Black-and-yellow Tanager

Chrysothlypis chrysomelas

Red-legged Honeycreeper

Cyanerpes cyaneus

Shining Honeycreeper

Cyanerpes lucidus

Scarlet-thighed Dacnis

Streaked Saltator

Saltator striatipectus

Buff-throated Saltator

Saltator maximus

Black-headed Saltator

Saltator atriceps

Slate-colored Grosbeak

Saltator grossus

Coereba flaveola

Yellow-faced Grassquit

Tiaris olivaceus

Tawny-crested Tanager

Tachyphonus delatrii

Thick-billed Seed Finch

Sporophila funerea

Speckled Tanager

Ixothraupis guttata

Golden-hooded Tanager

Stilpnia larvata

Bay-headed Tanager

Rufous-winged Tanager

Tangara lavinia

Emerald Tanager

Tangara florida

Crypturellus soui

Grey-headed Chachalaca

Ortalis cinereiceps

Penelope purpurascens

Black-eared Wood Quail

Odontophorus melanotis

Black-breasted Wood Quail

Odontophorus leucolaemus

Lesser Nighthawk

Chordeiles acutipennis

Common Nighthawk

Chordeiles minor

Nyctidromus albicollis

Chuck-will's-widow

Antrostomus carolinensis

Rufous Nightjar

Antrostomus rufus

American Black Swift

Cypseloides niger

Chestnut-collared Swift

Streptoprocne rutila

White-collared Swift

Streptoprocne zonaris

Band-rumped Swift

Chaetura spinicaudus

Chaetura pelagica

Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift

Panyptila cayennensis

White-necked Jacobin

Florisuga mellivora

Rufous-breasted Hermit

Glaucis hirsutus

Band-tailed Barbthroat

Threnetes ruckeri

Stripe-throated Hermit

Phaethornis striigularis

Phaethornis guy

Long-billed Hermit

Phaethornis longirostris

Green-fronted Lancebill

Doryfera ludovicae

Brown Violetear

Colibri delphinae

Purple-crowned Fairy

Heliothryx barroti

Green Thorntail

Discosura conversii

Rufous-crested Coquette

Lophornis delattrei

Green-crowned Brilliant

Heliodoxa jacula

Long-billed Starthroat

Heliomaster longirostris

Purple-throated Mountaingem

Lampornis calolaemus

Violet-headed Hummingbird

Violet Sabrewing

Campylopterus hemileucurus

Bronze-tailed Plumeleteer

Chalybura urochrysia

White-vented Plumeleteer

Chalybura buffonii

Microchera albocoronata

White-tailed Emerald

Microchera chionura

Snowy-bellied Hummingbird

Saucerottia edward

Sapphire-throated Hummingbird

Chrysuronia coeruleogularis

Blue-chested Hummingbird

Polyerata amabilis

Smooth-billed Ani

Rufous-vented Ground Cuckoo

Neomorphus geoffroyi

Yellow-billed Cuckoo

Coccyzus americanus

Patagioenas speciosa

Band-tailed Pigeon

Patagioenas fasciata

Pale-vented Pigeon

Patagioenas cayennensis

Ruddy Ground Dove

Columbina talpacoti

Blue Ground Dove

Claravis pretiosa

Grey-chested Dove

Leptotila cassinii

White-throated Crake

Laterallus albigularis

Mycteria americana

Magnificent Frigatebird

Fregata magnificens

Neotropic Cormorant

Nannopterum brasilianum

Mesembrinibis cayennensis

White-tailed Kite

Elanus leucurus

Hook-billed Kite

Chondrohierax uncinatus

Grey-headed Kite

Leptodon cayanensis

Black Hawk-Eagle

Spizaetus tyrannus

Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle

Spizaetus melanoleucus

Ornate Hawk-Eagle

Spizaetus ornatus

Sharp-shinned Hawk

Accipiter striatus

Microspizias superciliosus

Double-toothed Kite

Harpagus bidentatus

Mississippi Kite

Ictinia mississippiensis

Ictinia plumbea

Morphnarchus princeps

Great Black Hawk

Buteogallus urubitinga

White-tailed Hawk

Geranoaetus albicaudatus

Semiplumbeous Hawk

Leucopternis semiplumbeus

Grey-lined Hawk

Broad-winged Hawk

Buteo platypterus

Zone-tailed Hawk

Buteo albonotatus

Short-tailed Hawk

Buteo brachyurus

Swainson's Hawk

Buteo swainsoni

Ferruginous Pygmy Owl

Glaucidium brasilianum

Tropical Screech Owl

Megascops choliba

Choco Screech Owl

Megascops centralis

Lophostrix cristata

Black-and-white Owl

Strix nigrolineata

White-tailed Trogon

Trogon chionurus

Gartered Trogon

Trogon caligatus

Amazon Kingfisher

Chloroceryle amazona

Green Kingfisher

Chloroceryle americana

Ringed Kingfisher

Megaceryle torquata

Lesson's Motmot

Momotus lessonii

White-whiskered Puffbird

Malacoptila panamensis

Grey-cheeked Nunlet

Nonnula frontalis

Spot-crowned Barbet

Capito maculicoronatus

Yellow-throated Toucan

Ramphastos ambiguus

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker

Sphyrapicus varius

Cinnamon Woodpecker

Celeus loricatus

Crimson-bellied Woodpecker

Campephilus haematogaster

Crimson-crested Woodpecker

Campephilus melanoleucos

Crested Caracara

Caracara plancus

Laughing Falcon

Herpetotheres cachinnans

Collared Forest Falcon

Micrastur semitorquatus

Falco columbarius

Falco rufigularis

Peregrine Falcon

Falco peregrinus

Brown-hooded Parrot

Pyrilia haematotis

Blue-headed Parrot

Pionus menstruus

Red-lored Amazon

Amazona autumnalis

Amazona farinosa

Sulphur-winged Parakeet

Pyrrhura hoffmanni

Tawny-throated Leaftosser

Sclerurus mexicanus

Scaly-throated Leaftosser

Sclerurus guatemalensis

Ruddy Woodcreeper

Dendrocincla homochroa

Plain-brown Woodcreeper

Dendrocincla fuliginosa

Wedge-billed Woodcreeper

Glyphorynchus spirurus

Northern Barred Woodcreeper

Dendrocolaptes sanctithomae

Strong-billed Woodcreeper

Xiphocolaptes promeropirhynchus

Black-striped Woodcreeper

Xiphorhynchus lachrymosus

Brown-billed Scythebill

Campylorhamphus pusillus

Streak-headed Woodcreeper

Lepidocolaptes souleyetii

Lineated Foliage-gleaner

Syndactyla subalaris

Ochre-throated Foliage-gleaner

Automolus ochrolaemus

Western Woodhaunter

Automolus virgatus

Spotted Barbtail

Premnoplex brunnescens

Red-faced Spinetail

Cranioleuca erythrops

Russet Antshrike

Thamnistes anabatinus

Dot-winged Antwren

Microrhopias quixensis

Checker-throated Stipplethroat

Epinecrophylla fulviventris

Myrmotherula schisticolor

Dysithamnus mentalis

Barred Antshrike

Thamnophilus doliatus

Black-crowned Antshrike

Thamnophilus atrinucha

Fasciated Antshrike

Cymbilaimus lineatus

Cercomacroides tyrannina

Spotted Antbird

Hylophylax naevioides

Chestnut-backed Antbird

Poliocrania exsul

Dull-mantled Antbird

Sipia laemosticta

White-bellied Antbird

Myrmeciza longipes

Black-faced Antthrush

Formicarius analis

Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet

Tyrannulus elatus

Greenish Elaenia

Myiopagis viridicata

Yellow-bellied Elaenia

Elaenia flavogaster

Elaenia chiriquensis

Brown-capped Tyrannulet

Ornithion brunneicapillus

Southern Beardless Tyrannulet

Camptostoma obsoletum

Yellow Tyrannulet

Capsiempis flaveola

Ochre-bellied Flycatcher

Mionectes oleagineus

Slaty-capped Flycatcher

Leptopogon superciliaris

Southern Bentbill

Oncostoma olivaceum

Pale-eyed Pygmy Tyrant

Atalotriccus pilaris

Common Tody-Flycatcher

Todirostrum cinereum

Sayornis nigricans

Northern Tropical Pewee

Contopus bogotensis

Acadian Flycatcher

Empidonax virescens

Alder Flycatcher

Empidonax alnorum

Long-tailed Tyrant

Colonia colonus

Piratic Flycatcher

Legatus leucophaius

Rusty-margined Flycatcher

Myiozetetes cayanensis

Social Flycatcher

Myiozetetes similis

Grey-capped Flycatcher

Myiozetetes granadensis

Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher

Myiodynastes luteiventris

Streaked Flycatcher

Myiodynastes maculatus

Boat-billed Flycatcher

Megarynchus pitangua

Fork-tailed Flycatcher

Tyrannus savana

Eastern Kingbird

Tyrannus tyrannus

Panama Flycatcher

Myiarchus panamensis

Great Crested Flycatcher

Myiarchus crinitus

Purple-throated Fruitcrow

Querula purpurata

Lipaugus unirufus

Lance-tailed Manakin

Chiroxiphia lanceolata

Velvety Manakin

Lepidothrix velutina

Golden-collared Manakin

Manacus vitellinus

White-crowned Manakin

Pseudopipra pipra

Red-capped Manakin

Ceratopipra mentalis

Black-crowned Tityra

Tityra inquisitor

Northern Schiffornis

Schiffornis veraepacis

Cinnamon Becard

Pachyramphus cinnamomeus

White-winged Becard

Pachyramphus polychopterus

Tropical Royal Flycatcher

Onychorhynchus coronatus

Sulphur-rumped Myiobius

Myiobius sulphureipygius

Black-tailed Myiobius

Myiobius atricaudus

Rufous-browed Peppershrike

Cyclarhis gujanensis

Green Shrike-Vireo

Vireolanius pulchellus

Hylophilus flavipes

Ochre-crowned Greenlet

Tunchiornis ochraceiceps

Lesser Greenlet

Pachysylvia decurtata

Yellow-green Vireo

Vireo flavoviridis

Vireo olivaceus

Grey-breasted Martin

Progne chalybea

Southern Rough-winged Swallow

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis

White-thighed Swallow

Atticora tibialis

Blue-and-white Swallow

Pygochelidon cyanoleuca

Hirundo rustica

American Cliff Swallow

Petrochelidon pyrrhonota

Black-bellied Wren

Pheugopedius fasciatoventris

Rufous-breasted Wren

Pheugopedius rutilus

Rufous-and-white Wren

Thryophilus rufalbus

Cantorchilus elutus

Cantorchilus nigricapillus

Stripe-breasted Wren

Cantorchilus thoracicus

Ochraceous Wren

Troglodytes ochraceus

Grey-breasted Wood Wren

Henicorhina leucophrys

Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus

Dumetella carolinensis

Tropical Mockingbird

Black-faced Solitaire

Myadestes melanops

Hylocichla mustelina

Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush

Catharus aurantiirostris

Slaty-backed Nightingale-Thrush

Catharus fuscater

Swainson's Thrush

Catharus ustulatus

Grey-cheeked Thrush

Catharus minimus

White-throated Thrush

Turdus assimilis

Golden-browed Chlorophonia

Chlorophonia callophrys

Yellow-crowned Euphonia

Euphonia luteicapilla

White-vented Euphonia

Euphonia minuta

Fulvous-vented Euphonia

Euphonia fulvicrissa

Common Chlorospingus

Chlorospingus flavopectus

Orange-billed Sparrow

Arremon aurantiirostris

Sooty-faced Finch

Arremon crassirostris

Eastern Meadowlark

Sturnella magna

Red-breasted Meadowlark

Leistes militaris

Crested Oropendola

Psarocolius decumanus

Montezuma Oropendola

Psarocolius montezuma

Yellow-rumped Cacique

Scarlet-rumped Cacique

Cacicus uropygialis

Yellow-backed Oriole

Icterus chrysater

Yellow-tailed Oriole

Icterus mesomelas

Molothrus oryzivorus

Molothrus bonariensis

Great-tailed Grackle

Quiscalus mexicanus

Worm-eating Warbler

Helmitheros vermivorum

Louisiana Waterthrush

Parkesia motacilla

Northern Waterthrush

Parkesia noveboracensis

Golden-winged Warbler

Vermivora chrysoptera

Prothonotary Warbler

Protonotaria citrea

Mourning Warbler

Geothlypis philadelphia

American Redstart

Setophaga ruticilla

Cerulean Warbler

Setophaga cerulea

Chestnut-sided Warbler

Setophaga pensylvanica

Black-throated Green Warbler

Setophaga virens

Cardellina canadensis

Slate-throated Whitestart

Myioborus miniatus

Dusky-faced Tanager

Mitrospingus cassinii

Red-crowned Ant Tanager

Rose-breasted Grosbeak

Pheucticus ludovicianus

Blue-black Grosbeak

Cyanoloxia cyanoides

Passerina cyanea

Blue-black Grassquit

Volatinia jacarina

Grey-headed Tanager

Eucometis penicillata

White-shouldered Tanager

Loriotus luctuosus

White-lined Tanager

Tachyphonus rufus

White-throated Shrike-Tanager

Lanio leucothorax

Flame-rumped Tanager

Ramphocelus flammigerus

Crimson-backed Tanager

Ramphocelus dimidiatus

Variable Seedeater

Sporophila corvina

Yellow-bellied Seedeater

Sporophila nigricollis

Ruddy-breasted Seedeater

Sporophila minuta

Blue-and-gold Tanager

Thraupis palmarum

Silver-throated Tanager

Tangara icterocephala

Plain-colored Tanager

Tangara inornata

Black-throated Mango

Anthracothorax nigricollis

Stripe-tailed Hummingbird

Eupherusa eximia

Violaceous Quail-Dove

Geotrygon violacea

Buff-fronted Quail-Dove

Zentrygon costaricensis

Little Blue Heron

Egretta caerulea

Sarcoramphus papa

Black-breasted Puffbird

Notharchus pectoralis

American Kestrel

Falco sparverius

Black-capped Pygmy Tyrant

Myiornis atricapillus

Cotinga nattererii

Mangrove Warbler

Setophaga petechia

Spiza americana

Slate-colored Seedeater

Sporophila schistacea

Cairina moschata

Northern Tamandua

Tamandua mexicana

Leopardus pardalis

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